Coming after the end of one significant historical epoch (the post-World War II consensus) and in the middle of what followed (a free enterprise boom), the fall of the Berlin Wall was a surprise that caught most observers off-guard.
To those in Western intelligence circles, the opening of the East German border, and just how it opened - chaotically, without fanfare and apparently at random - was a warning that the assumptions which had underpinned policy towards the communist East and the Soviet Union, in particular, were fatally flawed.
That shock would soon be replaced by self-congratulation on the part of many at the "End to history" (or even, in it's most naive form, a "Holiday from history") as it seemed, for a while, that democratic values had conquered the world.
Heady and optimistic times, indeed.
Berlin Wall
Who could have thought the Age of Division would begin like this? Probably not George H. W. Bush, Eric Honecker or Mikhail Gorbachev (or indeed, most observers).
Timeline
From the wall going up to it coming down
DW Documentary
The Berlin Wall - how it worked | DW Documentary (Berlin Wall documentary)
The Berlin Wall stood from 1961 to 1989, dividing the city of Berlin. 30 years later, a trip back in time exploring the division of East and West Germany when Berlin was walled in.
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Exciting, powerful and informative – DW Documentary is always close to current affairs and international events. Our eclectic mix of award-winning films and reports take you straight to the heart of the story. Dive into different cultures, journey across distant lands, and discover the inner workings of modern-day life. Subscribe and explore the world around you – every day, one DW Documentary at a time.
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Mr Allsop History Clips
The building of the Berlin Wall
A short film documenting the construction of the Berlin Wall, featuring interviews with people who were affected by it.
VICE News
This Hidden 300 Foot Stretch Of The Berlin Wall Is Still Standing (HBO)
The Berlin Wall was the ultimate symbol of the decades-long Cold War division between the Communist Soviet bloc and the West. But a local historian Bormann claims to have known about the hidden section of the wall since 1999 but decided to go public now in order to ensure that the structure doesn’t get demolished by developers.
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Simple History
The Berlin Wall (1961-1989)
The Berlin wall would become a symbol of ideological division and suppression of human rights during the Cold War.
In August 1961, the Communist government of the German Democratic Republic of East Germany began construction of the wall and placement of barbed wire between west Berlin and the East.
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TED-Ed
The rise and fall of the Berlin Wall - Konrad H. Jarausch
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On August 13, 1961, construction workers began tearing up streets and erecting barriers in Berlin. This night marked the beginning of one of history’s most infamous dividing lines: the Berlin Wall. Construction continued for a decade as the wall cut through neighborhoods, separated families, and divided not just Germany, but the world. Konrad H. Jarausch details the history of the Berlin Wall.
Lesson by Konrad H. Jarausch, directed by Remus & Kiki.
History Scope
German Reunification Explained
German Reunification almost didn't happen. It was opposed by nearly all world leaders.
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The Armchair Historian
Life in East Germany | Animated History
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After World War II, the Soviet Union transformed their occupied zone in Germany into the German Democratic Republic. One of the many communist states in the Eastern Bloc, East Germany developed a unique culture that defined itself in opposition to the West. In this video, we explore what life was like for the people of East Germany under communist rule.
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Sources:
Kopstein, Jeffrey. "Chipping Away at the State: Workers' Resistance and the Demise of East Germany." World Politics 48, no. 3 (1996): 391-423.
Hodgin, Nick, and Caroline Pearce, eds. The GDR Remembered: Representations of the East German State since 1989. Rochester, New York: Boydell & Brewer, 2011.
Vilasi, Antonella Colonna (9 March 2015). The History of the Stasi. AuthorHouse
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Complex
How the Berlin Wall Gave Birth to Germany's Sneaker Culture I Sole Origins
Sole Origins heads to Germany to go inside the global headquarters of sneaker companies Adidas and Puma and uncovers the long-time rivalry between both brands. Berlin's biggest sneaker boutique owners talk about how the fall of the Berlin Wall jump started sneaker culture in Germany's biggest city.
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COMPLEX is a community of creators and curators, armed with the Internet, committed to surfacing and sharing the voices and conversations that define our new America. Our videos exemplify convergence culture, exploring topics that include music, sneakers, style, sports and pop culture through original shows and Complex News segments. Featuring your favorite celebrities, authoritative commentary, and a unique voice, our videos make culture pop.
Munchies
Searching for the Communist Cuisine of East Germany
Back in the times of the GDR (German Democratic Republic), it was nearly impossible for chefs to get their hands on a lot of basic ingredients. Most meals were born out of necessity, with chefs really having to flex their creativity. GDR food was also heavily influenced by the recipes of the USSR. Our host Stacy Denzel Janmaat leads us on a journey to find what is left of the notorious GDR cuisine, 25 years after the fall of the Berlin wall.
In the East-German city of Leipzig, the “Gaststätte Kollektiv” aims to recreate the GDR dining experience through its detailed interior and food. The 29-year-old owner and chef was born in Leipzig, and although he was still quite young when the wall came down, he was still able to tell us about the days of limited food availability.
Back in Berlin, we go on the lookout for traditional GDR snacks. Though snack stands were rare in the GDR, the precious few outlets for fast food served mainly Ketwurst (a kind of hot dog) and Grilletta (a take on a hamburger). Fortunately, we find a spot where the traditional Ketwurst has somehow managed to survive the return of the hot dog.
We then accompany our host as he goes shopping at the only remaining GDR supermarket in Berlin to buy the ingredients for a 3-course menu of Soljanka (a Russian meat stew with red peppers, cucumbers and capers), fried veal’s liver with onions and potatoes, and the GDR version of French toast. Watch as our host whips it up in his own kitchen for a dinner with friends.
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West German Chancellor between 1982 and 1998, then of the reunited Germany (between 1990 and 1998). During his political career Khol is committed to European integration, an ally of the US and supports Reagan's policies to weaken the USSR. Khol also oversees the end of the Cold War and German reunification (for which he is termed the Chancellor of Unity) and moves the federal capital from Bonn to Berlin.
Helmut Kohl
A leading East German politician and General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) leading up to end of the East German Communist state. As party leader he works closely with Moscow and tightly controls the German Democratic Republic government from 1971 until being forced out of office in the weeks preceding the fall of the Berlin Wall, in October 1989.
Erich Honecker
American President from 1981 to 1989, Reagan begins his presidency during the decline of the Soviet Union, which he accelerates through an aggressive US arms build-up which the USSR attempts to follow. The Berlin Wall falls just ten months after the end of his term, Germany reunifies the following year and on 26 December 1991 the Soviet Union finally collapses.
Ronald Reagan
Reforming former Soviet politician, Gorbachev is General Secretary of the USSR's governing Communist Party from 1985 until 1991 and the country's head of state from 1988 until 1991. In January 1990, Gorbachev privately agrees to permit East German reunification with West Germany, but also rejects the idea that a unified Germany can retain West Germany's NATO membership.
Mikhail Gorbachev
The 41st President of the United States, from 1989 to 1993 (and the 43rd Vice President from 1981 to 1989), Bush has to respond to the rapid collapse of Eastern Europe and the breakaway of the Warsaw Pact countries as they became independent nations. He also chooses not to meet with Mikhail Gorbachev to discuss these events until after the fall of the Berlin Wall.
George H. Bush
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. The Red Army newspaper The Red Star dubs Thatcher "The Iron Lady" in 1976, a nickname that then becomes subsequently associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. One of the first Western leaders to respond warmly to reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, she declares in November 1988 that "We're not in a Cold War now".
Margaret Thatcher
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